In this 3-year survey study with an overall sample of 107,122 responses from US healthcare workers before (2019) and twice during (2020 and 2021–2022) the COVID-19 pandemic, increases were reported in assessments of emotional exhaustion in oneself and in one’s colleagues overall and for every role; nurses reported increases each year, but physicians reported decreases in 2020 followed by sharp increases in 2021.
